Active vs. Passive Voice
by Brian Stakes
Action verbs can have two voices, active (i.e. turned) or passive (i.e. is turned). The voice of a verb tells you whether the subject of the sentence is completing an action
or if an action is being done to the subject.
Active Voice
In a sentence with an active voice verb, the subject is the
agent of the sentence and completes an action.
§
The boy (agent) turned (action) on the light.
Passive Voice
In a sentence with the passive voice, the subject is acted
upon by the agent.
§
The light was turned on (action) by the boy
(agent).
§
The light was turned on (action). (no agent).
Choosing Active Voice
Use the active voice when you want to emphasize the subject
as the agent of the action. Also, active voice verbs engage the reader with their
livelier tone and are less wordy
than passive verbs.
§
Active
·
Clearly, globalization (agent) already affects (action)
the economy and the gap between the rich and the poor.
§
Passive
·
Clearly, the economy and the gap between the
rich and the poor are affected (action) by globalization (agent).
Choosing Passive
Voice
As a general rule, avoid using the passive voice. The
passive voice takes away from the liveliness of your writing and can make it
seem flat. However, there are some instances when the passive voice is a better
choice:
§
When you
want to call attention to the receiver of the action instead of the performer.
·
Passive
o
Restrictions on foreign investment were removed
(action) and tariffs were eliminated (action) on imported goods. (no agent)
·
Active
o
Governments (agent) removed (action)
restrictions on foreign investment and eliminated (action) tariffs on imported
goods.
§
When the
performer of the action is not known, or not important
·
Passive
o
In the era of globalization, world wide
standards for workplace safety, wages, and environmental protection are
(action) set. (no agent)
§
When you
want to avoid calling attention to the performer of an action
·
Passive
o
Land is given (action) to the private sector so
that corporations can develop it. (no agent)
·
Active
o
The government (agent) gives (action) land to
the private sector so that corporations can develop it.
§
When you
want your writing to appear objective (i.e. lab reports)
·
Passive
o
One sixth the amount of energy is consumed
(action) by passengers (agent) on trains.
·
Active
o
Passengers (agent) on trains consume (action)
one sixth the amount of energy as a car with no passengers.
Active Verbs in
Reports
The following two paragraphs show that objective reports can
use active verbs while keeping the same emphasis. Sometimes, the writer can keep the same
subject and emphasis by choosing a different verb.
Passive Paragraph
Data were collected
at the intersection on October 14 and 21, 2004 between 4-6 p.m. Two stop watches and a 100’
tape were used. First, a detection
zone was laid out by measuring 60-ft
upstream from the stop line at the intersection. The 60-ft detection zone is
approximately equal to three car lengths. The stopwatches were started at the beginning of the green light. Vehicles were then timed when they crossed the line A-A and B-B as shown in Figure 1.
Active Paragraph
Data collection occurred
on October 14th and 21st between 4-6pm . The equipment included two stop watches and a 100-foot tape. The detection zone
extended 60-ft, or three car lengths, upstream from the stop line at the
intersection. As Figure 1 shows, the
timing began at the start of the
green light and concluded when the
vehicles crossed lines A-A and B-B.
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