Pakistan Peoples Party
Pakistan
Peoples Party (Urdu: پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی, commonly referred to
as the PPP) is a centre-left, socialist-progressive,
and social democratic political
party in Pakistan.
Affiliated with the Socialist International,[6] its
political philosophy and position,
in the country'spolitical spectrum, is
considered centre-left,
involves supporting the public ownership, egalitarianism, equality, and strong
national defense.[7] Since
its foundation in 1967, it had been a major and influential political left-wing force in the
country and its party's leadership has been dominated by the members of the Bhutto-Zardari
family.[8] Its
centre of power lies in the southern province ofSindh.[9]
Since its formation in 1967, the PPP has been voted into
power on five separate occasions (1970, 1977, 1988, 1993, 2008).[10] Once
regarded as the most influential political party in the country, it is the
largest opposition party in the National Assembly (lower
house), leading the consolidated leftist alliance in the Parliament.[11][12][13] However,
the party maintained its majority
control of Senate (upper
house) and governing party in Sindh and
two autonomous territories:
the Azad
Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.[5]
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Pakistan Peoples Party
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پاکستان
پیپلز پارٹی
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President
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Chairman
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Secretary-General
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Founded
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30 November 1967
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Headquarters
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Student wing
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International affiliation
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Colors
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Red, black and green
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47 / 342
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27 / 104
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8 / 371
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92 / 168
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6 / 124
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0 / 65
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21 / 33
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Contents
Foundation
and history[edit]
Left-wing beginnings[edit]
Main articles: Pakistan Socialist Party, Socialism in Pakistan, Communism in Pakistan, Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 and West Pakistan
The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) was founded by former members of the
now-defunct Pakistan Socialist Party,
banned by then-Prime Minister Liaquat
Ali Khan. In the 1960s, support for socialism as well as opposition
to President Ayub Khan's pro-Western/pro-American policies
mounted in West-Pakistan. Khan's
unpopularity continued to grow following his decision to sign the Tashkent Agreement with
rival India, in an effort to end the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.
The dismissal of charismatic democratic-socialistZulfikar Ali Bhutto further
angered and dismayed the public and the democratic-socialists, and made Bhutto determined
to bring down the Khan government.[14] As a
result, a convention was held on 30 November 1967, in Lahore, where democratic-socialistsand
left-wing intellectuals gathered to meet with Bhutto at the residence of Dr.
Mubashir Hassan, and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) was formed.
The newly formed party's members elected Quaid-i-Awam Z.A Bhutoo as its
first chairman,[15][16] and
its manifesto, titled "Islam is our Religion; Democracy is our Politics;
Socialism is our Economy; Power Lies with the People", was written by Bengali communist J. A. Rahim, and first
issued on 9 December 1967.[14][15]
The manifesto identified the party's ultimate goal, main objective and
raison d'etre as being the achievement of an egalitarian and
"classless society",
which was believed to be attainable only through socialism. It called for
"true equality of citizen's fraternity
under the rule of democracy", within "an order of social and economic
justice." In 1968, a massive public-relations program was
launched by the party, beginning in Punjab. Bhutto's program
directly targeted the country's poverty-stricken masses. The left-wing oriented
slogan, "Land to the Landless", proved irresistible to the peasants
and labour-force, as the party promised not only to abolish the fundamental feudalism that
had plagued the country, but also to redistribute lands amongst the landless
and the peasants. The working class and labour movement quickly flocked to the
party, believing it to be a party dedicated to the destruction of capitalism in
the country.[17]
The young university students and teachers who often bore the brunt of Ayub Khan's dictatorial
regime during his decade-long rule were promised a better future with better
educational and career opportunities. Many other members of society who had
felt stifled and repressed by the press-control and heavy censorship practised
by the authoritarian Khan regime also joined the new party. The party's
manifesto also attracted the country's numerous sectarian minorities, who
quickly joined the party.[18]
Eventually, the socialist-oriented catchphrase Roti, Kapra aur Makan (lit. "food, clothes, and
housing"), became a nation-wide rallying-call for the party.[19] By the
1970s, the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the largest and most influential
leading socialist and democratic entity in the country. The party published its
ideas in its newspapers, such as "Nusrat", "Fatah",
and "Mussawat".[20]
1970 election and 1971 war[edit]
Main articles: East Pakistan, Pakistani general election,
1970, Bangladesh Liberation War, Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 and Instrument of Surrender (1971)
After its foundation, the party gained prominence at an immediate,
gravitating the poor mass, peasants and workers, and students throughout in West
Pakistan. The democratic socialists and Bhutto himself tapped a wave
of anger and showed strong opposition against Ayub Khan, leading the civil
disorder, disobedience, and lawlessness that forced Ayub Khan to held talks
with Bhutto who would later opposed the Six point movement,
presented by Bengali leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The
continuous contentions, and pressure forced Ayub Khan to resign from the
presidency in 1969, leading to imposition of martial law by Army Commander General Yahya
Khan after promising to hold elections in two years. During this time, the
Peoples Party intensified its support in West Pakistan, organizing itself and
gaining support from poor masses in West Pakistan.[14] Its
socialist rationale Roti Kapra Aur Makaan (English:
Food, Cloth, and Shelter) and "all power to the people", further
popularize the party and the prominence that arise Bhutto and the Peoples Party.[21]
During the 1970 parliamentary elections,
the Peoples Party contested with full force, initially defeating the far-right groups
and the centre-right forces
in West-Pakistan,[22] although
the Peoples Party was decisively defeated by the liberal democratic Awami
League in East-Pakistan.[21] During
the election campaign, the party's noted leftist philosophers and communists
intellectuals, such as Malik Meraj, JA
Rahim, Meraj Muhammad, Mubashir
Hassan, and Zulfi Bhutto himself
appealed a great ire to the public over several political issues. Tensions
arisen with Peoples'
League and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the ideological
differences further create amid bricks of hatred towards each other. The
situation reached to a climax in 1970 where Awami
League secured 160 seats out of 300 where the
Peoples Party winning the 81 of 138 seats allocated to West Pakistan in the National Assembly.
Bhutto refused to allow Rahman to become the prime minister of Pakistan,
and famously calling "break the legs" if any democratic socialists of
Peoples Party tried to attend the inaugural session. Instead, he proposed the
idea of having two prime ministers, one for each wing, this proposal met with
heated criticism by East-Pakistan, leading Bhutto to sent his most trusted
companion, dr. Mubashir Hassan, an amid
fear of civil war. A message was convened and Mujib decided to meet Bhutto.
Upon his arrival, Mujib met with Bhutto and both agreed to form a coalition
government with Mujib as premier and Bhutto as president. However, these
developments were unaware to military, and Bhutto increased his pressure on
Mujib to reached a decision.[7] Soon
after the launch of military action (see Operaions Searchlightand Barisal), the situation in both wings created a divergence and distance between
each other.
Bhutto and Peoples Party gave criticism to Yayha Khan's mishandling of
the situation which led the arrests of Bhutto and members of Peoples Party who
detained with Mujibur Rahman in infamous Adiala
Jail.[14][22] This
was followed by Indian intervention which
led the bitter defeat of Pakistan Armed Forces and
Pakistan itself, after East-Pakistan gained momentum and became Bangladesh in
1971.[23]
Post-war politics[edit]
Main articles: Nationalization programme, Indian nuclear programme, Smiling Buddha, Operation Fair Play, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone, Pakistani general elections,
1977, Pakistani general elections,
1988 and Pakistani general elections, 1993
4-year-old Fraz Wahlah holding
Peoples Party flag whilst leading a protest, against Zia ul Haq, shortly before
his arrest which made him the youngest prisoner of Movement for the
Restoration of Democracy.
The Establishment forced
Yahya Khan to step down and hastily made Bhutto as president of the dismembered
country.
For the first time in the history of the country, the democratic
socialists under Bhutto came to power under a democratic system, Bhutto was
made 4th president of Pakistan. Bhutto and his government worked tirelessly to
make significant social and economic reforms that did much to improve the life
of Pakistan's impoverished masses. Starting first with announcing a new labour
policy, authorising the atomic bomb project as
part of the nuclear deterrence in
January 1972, and finally in 1974, the promulgation of 1973 constitution to put
the country to the road to parliamentary republic.[24]
However, Bhutto and Peoples Party's adjustment with Pakistan National Alliance failed,
sparking the civil disobedience against the Peoples Party, therefore the 1977 elections were
held that resulted in first parliamentary victory of Peoples Party. Opposition
parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by the PPP.[25] Tensions
mounted and despite an agreement reached between the opposition and PPP,
martial law was imposed in the country by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq in
1977.[26] In
April 1979, Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a controversial trial, in which he
was found guilty of murdering a political opponent. In 1982, his daughter
Benazir Bhutto was elected as Peoples Party's chairwomanship.[22] The
Peoples Party started the Movement for the Restoration of
Democracy which was one of the greatest non violent
democratic movements in the World against the ruthless dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq.
After twelve long years, the Peoples Party returned to power after
winning the general elections in
1988 with Benazir Bhutto becoming
the first female Prime minister of a
Muslim country—Pakistan.[27] In
1990, the Peoples party's government was dismissed due to economic recession,
issues regarding to national security and nationalisation. Benazir and the
Peoples Party boycott the general elections held
in 1990, served as leading opposition party for the first since its inception
in 1967.[27]
The Peoples Party later returned to power in general elections in
1993 by plurality, forming
alliance with JUI(F).
But as the party governed, the party had the internal factions splits with
three main ideological groups: the Bhuttoism, Parliamentarians, Sherpaoism, with
Bhuttoism becoming the most influential and powerful in Sindh.[9][28] Internal
opposition and disapproval of Benazir Bhutto's policy by her brother Murtaza
Bhutto created a rift in their relations, and
finally in 1996, Murtaza Bhutto was assassinated in 1996.[28]
The death of Murtaza Bhutto left unsolved mystery that is yet to be
answered, but it had disastrous effects on Pakistan Peoples Party whose
government was dismissed by the party's own elected President Farooq
Legahri in September 1996.[29][30] Since
1996 and Bhutto's assassination, the Peoples Party has suffered with major
internal factions, opposing Pakistan Peoples Party and Benazir Bhutto's sudden
shift to centre-right economics. The Peoples Party, even as of today, currently
facing rogue internal criticism of Peoples Party's direction and Zardari's
political involvement in many of Peoples Party's ideology, many alienating and
joining other parties.[31]
Recent history[edit]
Main articles: Pakistani general election,
1993, Pakistani general election,
1997, Pakistani general election,
2002, War in North-West Pakistan, Pakistani
parliamentary election, 2008, Pakistani
presidential election, 2008, Pakistani Senate election, 2012 and Pakistani general election,
2013
American Vice President andDemocratic Party leader Joe Bidenmeeting with the integral leadership of
the PPP in Islamabad, 2011.
After the assassination of Benazir
Bhutto on 27 December 2007, the 2008 parliamentary elections which
were scheduled to be held in January were postponed until 18 February. The PPP
won the considerable victory on among all political parties, gaining a momentum
of general seats 121 from all provinces in the Parliament, whilst the
centre-right, Pakistan Muslim League came
second in place, managing to secure 91 seats from all over the country. In
2008, the co-chairman Asif
Ali Zardari announced to end the fourth dictatorship when
he quoted: "Pakistan was on its way of ridding dictatorships
forever", and appealed to the Pakistan Muslim League (N) leader, former
Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif, to form a coalition controlling over half the seats in
Pakistan's 342 seat parliament.
On 9 March 2008 in a press conference held in Muree, Punjab,
conservatives under Nawaz Sharif and socialists led by Asif Ali Zardari
officially signed an agreement to form a coalition government. Titled the
PPP-PML summit declaration, the joint declaration both parties agreed on the
reinstatement of judges deposed during the emergency rule imposed
on 3 November 2007 by General Pervez
Musharrafwithin 30 days after the new federal government was formed.
On 28 March, the peoples party appointed Yousaf Raza Gillani for
the office of prime minister and formed coalition government with Pakistan Muslim League (N) in
Punjab, Awami National Party in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, JUI(F) in Balochistan and Muttahida Qaumi Movement in
Sindh. While on other hand, the Peoples Party claimed the exclusive mandate in Gilgit-Baltistan andKashmir.
However, this treaty was later on was violated by PPP government, after which
PML(N) withdrew from coalition and federal government.
On 5 September 2008, the Peoples Party nominated its co-chairman and
chairman of central executive committee, Asif Ali Zardari, for the upcoming presidential election.
Zardari secured 481 votes out of 700 votes from the Electoral College of Pakistan,
winning the Pakistan's presidential election on 5 September 2008. On April
2010, president Zardari voluntarily surrendered his political and presidential
powers to prime minister Gillani and the parliament, and through 18th amendment to the
Constitution of Pakistan, Zardari transferred the authority of
government and political appointments, and powers to exercise the authority of
government to prime minister Gillani as part of country's road toparliamentary democracy.
Even though growing unpopularity, it has managed to maintain a large vote bank
in deeper Sindh and South
Punjab. On national front, it is currently competing against Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and Pakistan Muslim League (N).
On 22 June 2012, the PPP nominated Raja Pervez Ashraf was elected as the new
Pakistan PM.[32]
Electoral
performance[edit]
Electoral history and performance since 1970[hide]
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General
elections
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Voting
percentile %
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Voting
turnout
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Seating
graph
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Presiding
chair of the party
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Parliamentaryposition
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18.6%
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6,148,923
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81 / 300
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In Government
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61.1%
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10,148,040
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155 / 200
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Non-participant
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–
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–
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–
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38.5%
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7,546,561
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94 / 207
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In Government
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36.8%
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7,795,218
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44 / 207
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Benazir Bhutto
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In Opposition
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37.9%
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7,578,635
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89 / 207
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Benazir Bhutto
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In Government
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21.8%
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4,152,209
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17 / 207
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Benazir Bhutto
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In Opposition
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25.7%
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62 / 207
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In Opposition
|
|||
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30.6%
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10,606,486
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124 / 342
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In Government
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||
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15.23%
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6,911,218
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47 / 272
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In Opposition
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Notable leadership[edit]
The first socialist and democratic convention attended by the leading 67
left-wing intellectuals who appointed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first and
founding chair of the Pakistan Peoples Party. After his execution, the senior
party leadership handed over the chairmanship of the party to his wife, Nusrat
Bhutto, and held the position[33] into
the 1980s. In 1982, Nusrat Bhutto, ill with cancer, was given permission to
leave Pakistan for medical treatment and remained abroad for several years. At
that point her daughter, Benazir
Bhutto, became acting head of the party while Nusrat technically
remained its chairman[34] and
was referred to as such as late as September 1983.[35] By
January 1984, Benazir was being referred to as the party's chairman and subsequently
secured the legal appointment by the senior leadership of Central
Executive Committee at the convention held in 1984.[36] She
had been elected chairperson for life,[37] which
she remained until her assassination on 27 December 2007. Her nineteen-year-old
son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari and
his father Asif Ali Zardari were
appointed party co-chairmen after assassination of Benazir
Bhutto on 30 December 2007.[38]
Current structure and composition[edit]
Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party of Pakistan
served as party's top hierarchy and apex governing authority which is primary
taking responsibility for promoting Peoples Party activities, promotion, media
campaign, welfare distribution, public policy
and works.
The CEC is the supreme parliamentary body setting out the strategies and
ideologies during and after the elections.[39] The
CEC is currently chaired by its Chairman Asif
Ali Zardari[40] (Former president of Pakistan and
also the Co-Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party), assisted by additional
vice-chairmen, including all the major office bearers of the party. However,
the CEC is focused on election campaign and organizational strategy during the
national parliamentary elections, overseeing the media works, ideological
promotion, and the foreign policy. The public works, welfare distribution are
partly managed at the municipal unit levels up to the federal level, which
supervise and gave legal authority for such works. The Central Executive
Committee of the Party is the supreme body that sets out the strategy for the
party.[39]
The PPP-Young Organization is a youth-led party organisation attempts to
mobilise the youth for Peoples Party candidates for the Youth Parliament.[39] It
also has the separateTrotskyist-Marxist wing,
"The Struggle", which is internationally affiliated with International Marxist Tendency (IMT);
the student wing, the Peoples Students, a
student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new
generation of Pakistan Peoples Party. The Peoples Party also has an active military-street
wing, the People's Committee,
controversially affiliated with the Pakistan Peoples Party.[41]
Nationally, each provinces and territories has
provisional committee, made up of elected committee members as well as
ex-officio committee members which elects its presidents.[39] The
local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their
jurisdiction, oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or
caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under
state law.[39] All of
the administration and party politics, campaign, required complete permission
from the CEC's Co-chairman and the vice-chairmans.[39]
Ideology[edit]
In its inception, the notable communists from
the Communist Party and socialists of the
defunct Socialist Party gathered
to form the Peoples Party in 1967 by electing Zulfikar Ali Bhutto its
first Chairman.[14] The
Pakistan Peoples Party's leftist program remains far more successful and
integrated well in the civil
society than Communist Party.[42]
Since then, the Peoples Party has been a leading proponent of democratic socialism with
mainstream agenda of social
democracy, favouring the semi-secular and semi-Islamic
socialist principles. Historically, the Peoples Party
favoured the financially stabled farmers, industrial labour unions, and the
middle class elements. The Peoples Party rejected far-left
politics and ultra-leftism,
supporting unregulated business and finance—the laissez-faire capitalism,
which caused it to cease being a socialist or social-democratic or
even anywhere near the left-of-centre as its
economic policies swung dramatically to the right-wing, embracing economic neoliberalism and
unfettered capitalism and privatisation of
publicly owned institutions, and favoured partial income taxes.[14]
Despite its democratic socialist ideas, the Peoples Party never actually
allied with communism, the Communist Party remaining
one of its major rivals, which headquarters inHyderabad, Sindh.
Peoples Party has been criticised by various socialists such as Fahad Rizwan
who accused the Peoples Party of opportunism. In recent times, the Peoples
Party had adopted privatisation and small-scale nationalisation policies, with
centrist economic and socially progressive agendas.[43]
Issues involving foreign policy[edit]
Relations with
the China, Russia and Iran are
the central and the strongest proponents of the People's Party's foreign policy.[44] Under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
Pakistan built closer ties with Soviet Union, China, and Iran, but under Benazir
Bhutto, the foreign policy was revised after taking shifts to
centre-right policies. On the other hand, Benazir Bhutto adoptedNawaz
Sharif's conservative privatisation policies in order
to secure funding from the United States and the World
Bank, but received a harsh opposition from within the party.[43]Under former Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani, the
People's Party pushed its foreign policy towards Russia as the party's
relationship with the United States went cold in 2010.[citation
needed] Earlier in the 1970s, the People's Party
faced a "secret" cold war with the United States, but then suffered a
US-backed coup in 1977.[43] Throughout
the 1980s, the party's credibility was damaged by the United States who "keenly
sabotaged" any of its efforts[citation
needed] and organizational establishment in the dense
areas of country.[45]
Academia[edit]
Main articles: Scientific socialism and Science and technology in
Pakistan
The Pakistan Peoples Party through Zulfikar Ali Bhutto proudly receives
all credit for launching the atomic bomb project in
1972,[46][47] public
ceremonies are held on Youm-e-Takbir (lit. Day of Greatness) to commemorate the
political services of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who established the program. Since
its establishment, the People's Party has produced prolific scientists-turned
technocrats, including Farhatullah
Babar, Mubashir
Hassan, and the senior academic scientists who played a role in
building the atomic bomb. The People's Party member's notably provided their
public support to Abdul
Qadeer Khan who had been forced to attend the military
debriefings by General Pervez
Musharraf in 2004.[47] On
August 2012, after years of negligence, the peoples party made its effort to
bestowed and award Munir
Ahmad Khan the highest state honor, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, as a gesture of political rehabilitation; the honor was publicly
presented by President Asif Ali Zardari in a public ceremony.[48]
In 1995–96, the People's Party under Benazir Bhutto's era opened computer
literacy centres to provide the public with access to
computers and technology.[49] In
1990, they made Pakistan the first Muslim country to launch a satellite, Badr-I, they are also responsible for establishing, nurturing, and funding the
missile's programs, such as Ghauri andShaheen in the
1990s.[50] As
part of the science policy, they established the Pakistan
Science Foundation in 1973 and helped establish the Pakistan Academy of Letters in
1976.[51] In
1996, Benazir Bhutto established SZABIST at Karachi to become a leading
institution of science and technology and appointed world renowned academic Dr. Javaid
Laghari as its first President, who later was also
elected Senator from Sindh on a technocrat seat and eventually Chairman HEC
leading a revolution of reforms in higher education in South Asia
Challenges and controversies[edit]
Main articles: Corruption
charges against Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan Steel Mills and Admiral Mansoor-ul-Haq
Lost left[edit]
Since the 1990s, the Peoples Party has been under intense criticism even
inside the members and the leftists in the country, notable the charges of large-scale
corruptions. The leading lefitst, Nadeem
Paracha, asserted that since 1977, the Peoples Party's manifesto has
been transformed into centre-right platform, whereas in 1977 parliamentary elections,
the Peoples Party's manifesto did not mentioned the "socialism".[52] During
the 1973–75, the Peoples Party's radical ultra-left and communist wings led
under Mirage Khalid and
the Moist wings under Khalid Syed were purged by the Peoples Party to ensure
the political support and presence between the powerful Sindh's feudal
lords andPunjab's landed elite, Paracha
claiming it the Peoples Party has "lost left".[52]
While leading left-wing journalist, Mehdi Hasan remarked
that Peoples Party is "not a secular party",[53] first
declaring Ahmadiyya community as non-Muslims
through the second parliamentary amendment, secondly banning the use
of liquor;[53] thirdly,
the Peoples Party declared Friday as holiday to win the support of religious
elements, Mehdi Hasan quoted.[53]
Cyber attacks[edit]
The Chairman of PPP Bilawal Bhutto Zardari led a
convention on 19 September 2014 in Multan, Punjab,
where he reportedly quoted: "the [PPP] would take back entire Kashmirfor
his country."[54]
Bhutto emphasized on his last part of the speech: "I will take back Kashmir, all of it, and I
will not leave behind a single inch of it because like the other provinces, it
belongs to Pakistan...(.)".[55]
On immediate, a group calling themselves the Indian Hackers Online Squad
replaced the PPP's official website's homepage with messages ridiculing Bhutto
for his comments, and claiming that "will never get Kashmir".[55]
The message read on PPP's official website: "To Citizens of
Pakistan, Pakistan's millitary, Pakistan Peoples Party and Specially Mr.
Bilawal Bhutto. Without any Violence, Let Me tell you that Pakistan will never
Get Kashmir. This is the Truth. You Have to Accept it."[56]
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari's
Kashmir remark made him a butt of jokes on Twitter and in Indian media.[57][58]
Internal opposition and factionalism[edit]
Main articles: Zardarism and Faction (political)
Since 1990s, the factionalism has
grew in the party when Murtaza
Bhutto returned to Pakistan.[28] Disagreeing
with Benazir and Asif
Ali Zardari's political philosophy brewing the party, Bhutto split
and formed the more powerful yet more
leaning towards left wing faction, Pakistan Peoples Party
(Bhuttoist) in 1995.[59] Confrontation
with Benazir Bhutto in
1999 over the party guidance, Aftab Sherpao splits
from the party and forming the Pakistan Peoples Party
(Sherpaoist)—a more reformist with libertarian
agenda.[60]
Factionalism continues in 2011 when PPP sacked Mahmood Qureshi over
the incident happened
in Lahore,
though Qureshi did
not joined but defecting to PTI which
is centrustparty.
Another leftist leader, Malik Ali Khan also
resigned from the Peoples Party, saying that "they did not agree with how
President Zardari was leading the party particularly with regards to an
alliance with centre-right PML (Q) and
the foreign policy."[61]
In 2012, the PPP's powerful leader, Zulfiqar
Mirza, quit from the party despite urgings on amidst disagreement
with Asif Zardari's leadership and policies with regards to dealings with
liberals MQM in Sindh. Reasoning with
their isolation, the socialist politicians felt that the party had now moved
away from the original ideas it was founded on by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1967.[62]
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